The addition of a small percentage of foreign atoms in the regular crystal lattice of silicon or germanium produces dramatic changes in their electrical properties, producing n-type and p-type semiconductors.
Pentavalent impurities
(5 valence electrons) produce n-type semiconductors by contributing extra electrons.
Trivalent impurities
(3 valence electrons) produce p-type semiconductors by producing a "hole" or electron deficiency.
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